The paper is based on the work of three parallel projects that have studied the theme “combination of formal and non-formal learning” with a specific attention on the ICT sector and ICT-related occupations:

1. The project “In-IT” has studied the patterns of work-related learning in small and medium enterprises in the ICT sector and tried to conceptualise the relations between formal and non-formal learning.
2. The project “Itaqu” is developing a working concept that links non-formal and formal learning arenas to each other within a CVT programme for specialised workers and technicians in the ICT sector. The implementation of the programme is supported by the accompanying research team of the Itaqu project.
3. The project “Komnetz” is studying network-based learning concepts within trade unions. On the one hand the project is based on three sub-projects that promote network-based learning among shop stewards in three branches.

On the other hand the Komnetz project supports and accompanies the implementation of network-based training models in collaboration with trade unions and enterprises.